Scientists from the international XENON collaboration announced today that data from their XENON1T, the world's most sensitive dark matter experiment, show a surprising excess of events. The scientists do not claim to have found dark matter. Instead, they say to have observed an unexpected rate of events, the source of which is not yet fully understood. The signature of the excess is similar to what might result from a tiny residual amount of tritium (a hydrogen atom with one proton and two neutrons), but could also be a sign of something more exciting—such as the existence of a new particle known as the solar axion or the indication of previously unknown properties of neutrinos.

XENON1T was operated deep underground at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy, from 2016 to 2018. It was primarily designed to detect dark matter, which makes up 85% of the matter in the universe. So far, scientists have only observed indirect evidence of dark matter, and a definitive, direct detection is yet to be made. Socalled WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) are among the theoretically preferred candidates, and XENON1T has thus far set the best limit on their interaction probability over a wide range of WIMP masses. In addition to WIMP dark matter, XENON1T was also sensitive to different types of new particles and interactions that could explain other open questions in physics. Last year, using the same detector, these scientists published in Nature the observation of the rarest nuclear decay ever directly measured.The XENON1T detector was filled with 3.2 tonnes of ultra-pure liquefied xenon, 2.0 t of which served as a target for particle interactions. When a particle crosses the target, it can generate tiny signals of light and free electrons from a xenon atom. Most of these interactions occur from particles that are known to exist. Scientists therefore carefully estimated the number of background events in XENON1T. When data of XENON1T were compared to known backgrounds, a surprising excess of 53 events over the expected 232 events was observed.

One explanation could be a new, previously unconsidered source of background,
caused by the presence of tiny amounts of tritium in the XENON1T detector. Tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, spontaneously decays by emitting an electron with an energy similar to what was observed. Only a few tritium atoms for every 1025
(10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000!) xenon atoms would be needed to explain the
excess. Currently, there are no independent measurements that can confirm or disprove the presence of tritium at that level in the detector, so a definitive answer to this explanation is not yet possible.More excitingly, another explanation could be the existence of a new particle. In fact, the excess observed has an energy spectrum similar to that expected from axions produced in the Sun. Axions are hypothetical particles that were proposed to preserve a timereversal symmetry of the nuclear force, and the Sun may be a strong source of them.

While these solar axions are not dark matter candidates, their detection would mark the first observation of a well-motivated but never observed class of new particles, with a large impact on our understanding of fundamental physics, but also on astrophysical phenomena. Moreover, axions produced in the early universe could also be the source of dark matter.

Alternatively, the excess could also be due to neutrinos, trillions of which pass throughyour body, unhindered, every second. One explanation could be that the magneticmoment (a property of all particles) of neutrinos is larger than its value in the StandardModel of elementary particles. This would be a strong hint to some other new physicsneeded to explain it.

Of the three explanations considered by the XENON collaboration, the observed excessis most consistent with a solar axion signal. In statistical terms, the solar axion hypothesis has a significance of 3.5 sigma, meaning that there is about a 2/10,000 chance that theobserved excess is due to a random fluctuation rather than a signal. While this significance is fairly high, it is not large enough to conclude that axions exist. The significance of both the tritium and neutrino magnetic moment hypotheses corresponds to 3.2 sigma, meaning that they are also consistent with the data.

XENON1T is now upgrading to its next phase –XENONnT– with an active xenon mass three times larger and a background that is expected to be lower than that of XENON1T. With better data from XENONnT, the XENON collaboration is confident it will soon find out whether this excess is a mere statistical fluke, a background contaminant, or something far more exciting: a new particle or interaction that goes beyond known physics.

“We are very excited about this new result from our tonne-scale liquid xenon detector
with an incredibly low background that hasn’t been reached by any other experiment inthe field” says Laura Baudis, professor of physics at the University of Zurich, and one of the leading members of the project. The data analysis that lead to this result took more than one year to complete, and was led by Dr. Michelle Galloway, a member of the University of Zurich group, together with the graduate students Evan Shockley (University of Chicago) and Jingqiang Ye (University of California, San Diego). The analysis was extensively vetted by the XENON collaboration, comprising 163 scientists from 28 institutions across 11 countries.“As our primary goal was to search for dark matter particle” explains Michelle Galloway “we needed to create an extremely pure, quiet environment in terms of radioactivity. Having achieved this very low background, the high sensitivity of our detector enabledus to also use it as a solar observatory.“ Apart from analysing the XENON1T data, the University of Zurich group is also focused on the upgraded XENONnT detector, with major responsibilities in the detector design and assembly, in the installation, calibration and readout electronics of the 494 photosensors, and in the measurements of tiny radioactivity traces in detector materials. The XENONnT detector is expected to take data by the end of year. “It is possible that the excess events come from the decay of a minute amount of tritium atoms from the atmosphere,” continues Michelle Galloway
“however we are intrigued by the possibility that we may be observing something much more exotic and new. We anticipate learning more soon from our larger XENONnT detector.”

Observation of Excess Electronic Recoil Events in XENON1T, XENON Collaboration, arXiv

Prof. Laura Baudis lbaudis@physik.uzh.ch
Dr. Michelle Galloway galloway@physik.uzh.ch

In Switzerland, the XENON experiment is supported by the Swiss National
Science Foundation and by the University of Zurich.